Chapter Objectives

• Define the types and purposes of assessment
  
  
• Describe the evolution of traditional and contemporary approaches to assessment
  
  
• Summarize the limitations of traditional models of assessment
  
  
• Introduce a framework for alternative assessment models
  
  
  

Chapter Outline

1. Definitions and Terminology
   
   
2. Assessment Approaches and Tools
   1. Formal Assessments
   2. Nonformal Assessments
      1. Categorical Tools
      2. Narrative Tools
      3. Descriptive Tools
         
         
3. Types of Assessment
   1. Norm-Referenced Assessment
   2. Criterion-Referenced Assessment
      1. Curriculum-Based Assessment
         
         
4. Purposes of Assessment
   
   
5. Limitations of Traditional Approaches
   1. Complexity and Holistic Nature of Development
      1. Focus on the Whole Child
      2. Assessment Across Multiple Contexts
   2. Role of Context and Culture on Learning
      1. Influences of Family and Sociocultural Contexts
      2. Assessment within Natural Contexts
         
         
6. Framework for Alternative Assessment Models
   
   
7. Conclusion